https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu <p>The scientific journal "Science and Education" is an open-access journal and the main task of the journal is to highlight the achievements, problems, and prospects of science and education, in particular, the history and stages of development of science and education in Uzbekistan, development paths, scientists who have made a great contribution to science and education in Central Asia, as well as in world science and education. Also the goal of the scientific journal "Science and Education" is to inform the scientific community about the problems of improving research and innovation in this area, to further increase the interest of the younger generation in science and education, and to express the scientific views of experts and scientists.</p> Open Science LLC en-US Science and Education 2181-0842 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8946 Ushbu maqolada planimetriyaning murakkab obyektlaridan biri bo‘lgan bisentrik to‘rtburchaklar - ham ichki, ham tashqi aylana chizilgan metrik tizimlar tadqiq etilgan. Maqolaning asosiy markazida tashqi aylana radiusi, ichki aylana radiusi va markazlararo masofa o‘rtasidagi algebraik bog‘liqlikni ifodalovchi Fuss teoremasining analitik tahlili yotadi. Maqolada ushbu teoremaning zamonaviy isbotlash usullari qiyosiy o‘rganilib, olingan natijalar geometrik modellashtirish va ekstrimal masalalarni yechishda muhim ilmiy ahamiyat kasb etadi. Nasriddin Raximov Hanifa Nematulloyeva Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 7 13 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8947 Maqolada bir va ikki o‘lchamli butun panjaralarda ikki zarrachali diskret Shryodinger operatorining muhim spektrning yuqori chegarasi yaqinidagi xos qiymati tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot nol masofali, rangi birga teng ixcham qo‘zg‘alishli model uchun olib boriladi. To‘liq kvaziimpuls bo‘yicha tolali ajralish qo‘llanib, xos qiymat masalasi Birman–Schwinger prinsipi va Fredholm determinanti tenglamasiga keltiriladi. Kichik parametr sifatida bog‘lanish doimiysining nolga intilishi tanlanadi. Asosiy natija shundan iboratki, bir o‘lchamli holatda spektral chegaradan ajralish darajaviy tartibga, ikki o‘lchamli holatda esa logarifmik xosmaslik tufayli eksponensial kichik tartibga ega bo‘ladi. Natija spektral chegara yaqinida panjara o‘lchamining xos qiymat dinamikasini keskin o‘zgartirishini ko‘rsatadi. Vasila Xolboy-qizi Tojiyeva Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 14 20 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8948 Mazkur maqolada Olmaliq shahri hududidagi suv havzalarida xavfsizlikni ta’minlash masalalari keng yoritilgan. Suv havzalarida uchrashi mumkin bo‘lgan xavf omillari, cho‘milish vaqtida rioya etilishi lozim bo‘lgan qoidalar, bolalar xavfsizligi, qayiq va boshqa suv transportlaridan foydalanish tartiblari hamda favqulodda vaziyatlarda harakatlanish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar bayon etilgan. Shuningdek, baxtsiz hodisalarning oldini olish va aholi o‘rtasida suvda xavfsiz harakatlanish madaniyatini shakllantirishning ahamiyati yoritib berilgan. Dilshod Xoltursinovich Bekturov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 21 24 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8949 Ushbu maqolada Namangan viloyati o‘rmon xo‘jaliklarida yetishtirilayotgan terak daraxtlarida uchraydigan asosiy zararkunanda hasharotlar, ularning biologik xususiyatlari, zararlash darajasi va ularga qarshi samarali kurash choralari tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, integratsiyalashgan himoya usullarining ahamiyati ilmiy asoslangan. Shukurullo Xabibullo-o‘g‘li Abdulazizov Gulnoza Yusufjonovna Rustamova Gulzoda Dilshodovna Abdullayeva Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 25 30 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8950 Аннатация: Ўзбекистон базальт конларига бой мамлакат эканлиги ва бу материални четдан келадиган қимматбаҳо полимер ва металл арматураларга нисбатан анча устундир. Базальт материалларини жорий этиш бу мамлакатимиз иқлим шароитида йўлларнинг чидамлигини оширувчи заруриятдир. Базальт геотўрлари йўл ўтказгичлар ва кўприклар қурилишида пўлат ўрнини босувчи материал сифатида қўлланилганда, Ўзбекистоннинг кескин континентал иқлимида, яъни жазирама иссиқ ва қахратон совуқ кунларида материалнинг барқарорлиги, механик мустаҳкамлиги жиҳатидан чўзилиш ва сиқилишга чидамлилиги, кимёвий коррозияга чидамли эканлиги бу материални хар жиҳатдан ишлатиш қулайлигидан далолатдир. Мазкур мақолада базальтдан тайёрланадиган материалларининг замонавий йўл инфратузилмасидаги ахамияти ҳамда иқтисодий самарадорлиги тўғрисида сўз юритилган. Дилрабо Пардаевна Қосимова Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 31 36 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8951 This research examines how the physical and mechanical traits of cocoon shells influence the final quality of raw silk, with a focus on the role of selective breeding. A comparative study was conducted on two silkworm hybrids, “Xitoy” and “Ipakchi-1xIpakchi-2”, alongside a control group. The evaluation centered on four key shell parameters: firmness, wall thickness, compactness, and pore structure. The outcomes indicate that properly bred cocoons are capable of delivering raw silk that reaches the 4A quality level. Such material is well-suited for demanding applications in the textile field, as well as in aerospace and healthcare industries. Khalima Khabibullaevna Umurzakova Jakhongir Adkhamovich Akhmedov Ulugbek Yakhshilik-ugli Gulbaev Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 37 49 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8952 Mazkur maqolada axborotlashgan jamiyat tushunchasining mazmun-mohiyati va uning zamonaviy ijtimoiy taraqqiyotdagi o‘rni ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan tahlil etiladi. Tadqiqotda axborot va bilimning jamiyat rivojidagi strategik resurs sifatidagi ahamiyati, axborot texnologiyalari va global media makonining shakllanish jarayonlari yoritib beriladi. Shuningdek, axborotlashgan jamiyatning asosiy belgilari, uning iqtisodiy, siyosiy, madaniy va ta’lim sohalariga ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada axborot makonining globallashuvi, media tizimlarining jamoatchilik fikrini shakllantirishdagi roli hamda axborot xavfsizligi va media madaniyatining dolzarbligi asoslab beriladi. Tadqiqot natijalari axborotlashgan jamiyat sharoitida davlat axborot siyosatini takomillashtirish, raqamli iqtisodiyot va elektron boshqaruvni rivojlantirish hamda fuqarolarning axborot madaniyatini oshirish muhimligini ko‘rsatadi. Kalit soʻzlar: axborotlashgan jamiyat, axborot oqimi, axborot madaniyati, axborot turlari, axborot yigʻish usullari, axborot taqchilligi, globallashuv, ommaviy axborot vositalari, adolat tamoyili, xolislik, shaxs dunyoqarashi, virtual pedagogik madaniyat, siyosiy axborot, iqtisodiy axborot, madaniy axborot Zilola Rizamat-qizi Saydullayeva Fariza Akbar-qizi Shuxaratjonova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 50 55 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8953 Ushbu maqola robototexnika va sun’iy intellektning jamiyat, iqtisodiyot hamda inson mehnatiga ko‘p qirrali ta’sirini tahlil etadi. Tadqiqotda Xalqaro Robototexnika Federatsiyasi (IFR), Jahon Iqtisodiy Forumi (WEF), McKinsey Global Institute, Goldman Sachs va Silikon vodiysi Robototexnika Markazi (SVRC) kabi nufuzli tashkilotlarning 2025-2026-yillardagi eng yangi statistik ma’lumotlari va hisobotlari asos qilib olingan. Maqolada global robototexnika bozorining 2026-yilda 38 mlrd ga yetgani, gumanoid robotlarning tijorat bosqichiga o‘tgani, sanoat robotlari o‘rnatilishining barqaror o‘sish tendensiyasi, shuningdek, WEF prognozi bo‘yicha 2030-yilga kelib 92 million ish o‘rnining yo‘qolishi va 170 million yangi ish o‘rnining yaratilishi masalalari keng yoritilgan. Jadvallar, bar diagramma, aylana diagramma, chiziqli diagramma va oqim diagrammasi yordamida ma’lumotlar ko‘rgazmali tarzda taqdim etilgan. Maqola robototexnikaning afzalliklari va kamchiliklarini qiyosiy tahlil qilgan holda, qayta tayyorlash (reskilling), STEM ta’limi va inson-robot hamkorligi (cobots) masalalarida amaliy tavsiyalar beradi. Xulosa sifatida ta’kidlanadiki, robototexnika inson mehnatini to‘liq almashtirmaydi - balki uni qayta shakllantiradi va malakali mutaxassislar uchun yangi imkoniyatlar ochadi. Almardon Mamatovich Mustafoqulov Akmaljon Zohidjon-o‘g‘li Yoqubjonov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 56 64 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8954 This article discusses the formation of impurity clusters in the bulk of single-crystal silicon doped with iron using high-temperature diffusion. Schematic models of the formation sequence of spherical, needle-shaped, and lenticular impurity clusters in the bulk of iron-doped n-type silicon samples are also presented. It was revealed that the quantitative fraction of iron atoms (by mass) in the volume of single-layer impurity clusters reaches about 50%, which corresponds to iron silicide FeSi2. In contrast, in the bulk of bilayer clusters, this value in the inner layer reaches about 66.5%, and it corresponds to iron silicide FeSi. And in the outer layer of such impurity clusters, the quantitative fraction of iron atoms is about 50%. N.A.Turgunov N.B.Khaytimmetov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 65 69 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8955 This paper addresses the issue of thread breakage that commonly occurs when raw silk is rewound into standard-sized packages. Particular attention is given to the emulsification stage and its role in the overall technological process. Instead of relying on imported emulsions currently used in local silk-reeling factories, new emulsion formulations based on domestically available raw materials were developed and evaluated under laboratory conditions. The adoption of this locally produced emulsion technology is expected to enhance production efficiency, improve the quality of the finished silk, and lower overall material costs. Khalima Khabibullaevna Umurzakova Jakhongir Adkhamovich Akhmedov Ulugbek Yakhshilik-ugli Gulbaev Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 70 80 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8956 Ushbu maqolada quyosh batareyalarining tuzilishi, ishlash tamoyillari va ularning kelajakdagi rivojlanish yo‘nalishlari keng yoritilgan. Fotoelektrik effektning nazariy asoslari, zamonaviy panel turlari (monokristalin, polikristalin, perovskit va tandem), hamda ularni O‘zbekiston sharoitiga moslashtirishning amaliy jihatlari tahlil qilingan. Maqolada quyosh energetikasining global va mintaqaviy ahamiyati, shuningdek, energiya saqlash tizimlari bilan integratsiya qilish imkoniyatlari ham ko‘rib chiqilgan. Kamoliddin Abduraim-o‘g‘li Aminov Jaxongir Xamraqulovich Mirzaqulov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 81 85 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8957 Ushbu maqolada kichik modulli reaktorlar (SMR) orqali quvvatlanadigan sun’iy intellekt (AI) ma’lumotlar markazlarida yuzaga keladigan termik tranzientlarni boshqarish masalasi ko‘rib chiqiladi. AI ish yuklamalarining keskin o‘zgaruvchan tabiati reaktorning issiqlik inersiyasi bilan to‘qnashib, strukturaviy toliqishga sabab bo‘ladi. Tadqiqotda yuklamani 5-15 daqiqa oldin bashorat qiluvchi LSTM modeli va an’anaviy CFD simulyatsiyalaridan sezilarli darajada tezroq ishlaydigan DeepONet virtual datchiklari integratsiyasi taklif etilgan. Tizim bashorat qilingan issiqlik cho‘qqisidan avval robotlarni (Spot/UAV) xavfli nuqtalarga (patruboklar) yo‘naltiradi. Loyiha O‘zbekistonning Jizzax viloyatidagi 50 MVt quvvatli RITM-200N loyihasi uchun moslashtirilgan. Akmaljon Zohidjon-o‘g‘li Yoqubjonov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 86 90 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8958 Mazkur tezisda qishloq xo‘jalik ekinlarini zararkunanda hasharotlardan himoya qilishda ultratovushli qurilmalardan foydalanish imkoniyatlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. An’anaviy kimyoviy pestitsidlarning atrof-muhit va inson salomatligiga salbiy ta’siri sababli ekologik xavfsiz alternativ usullarni joriy etish bugungi kunda juda dolzarb hisoblanadi. Tadqiqot davomida ultratovush to‘lqinlarining (25-40 kHz diapazonida) hasharotlar faolligiga ta’siri nazariy va taqqoslama tahlil usullari yordamida o‘rganildi. Ilmiy manbalar tahlili asosida ultrasonik repellentlarning dala sharoitida 60-75% gacha samaradorlikka ega ekanligi aniqlandi. Akmaljon Zohidjon-o‘g‘li Yoqubjonov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 91 94 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8959 Ushbu maqolada standartlashtirishning ixtiyoriylik tamoyili va uning O‘zbekistonda tadbirkorlik faoliyati rivojiga ta’siri tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqotda standartlashtirish to‘g‘risidagi milliy qonunchilik, texnik reglamentlar bilan standartlar o‘rtasidagi huquqiy farq hamda xalqaro tajriba (JSTning Savdodagi texnik to‘siqlar to‘g‘risidagi bitimi - TBT) o‘rganilgan. Ixtiyoriylik tamoyilining ma’muriy yukni kamaytirish, innovatsiyalarni rag‘batlantirish va eksport salohiyatini oshirishdagi roli ko‘rib chiqilgan. Maqolada amaldagi tizimning muammolari aniqlanib, tadbirkorlik muhitini yaxshilashga qaratilgan ilmiy asoslangan tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan. Boburmirzo Baxtiyar-o‘g‘li Yusupov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 95 100 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8960 В данной статье рассматриваются современные теоретические и практические методы повышения педагогического потенциала в процессе обучения макома на примере занятий по сольфеджио в университетах. Особое внимание уделяется интеграции национального музыкального наследия с инновационными педагогическими технологиями, направленными на развитие профессиональных компетенций будущих учителей музыки. Анализируются эффективные способы формирования музыкального слуха, ритмического мышления, исполнительских навыков и творческого подхода студентов посредством maqom namunalari. Также рассматриваются методы активизации самостоятельной работы студентов и совершенствования их исполнительской культуры. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в системе высшего музыкально-педагогического образования при разработке современных учебных программ и методических рекомендаций для преподавателей музыкальных дисциплин. Роза Уразовна Мухамадиева Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 101 113 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8961 В данной статье рассматриваются педагогические аспекты организации вокально-хоровой деятельности в процессе профессиональной подготовки будущих учителей музыки. Особое внимание уделяется значению вокально-хорового искусства в формировании музыкально-исполнительских, педагогических и творческих компетенций студентов. Анализируются современные методы и формы организации хоровых занятий, направленные на развитие музыкального слуха, вокальной техники, ансамблевых навыков и художественного мышления. В исследовании подчеркивается роль коллективного музицирования в воспитании коммуникативной культуры, ответственности и профессионального взаимодействия будущих педагогов. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при совершенствовании образовательных программ и методики преподавания музыкальных дисциплин в высших учебных заведениях. Роза Уразовна Мухамадиева Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 114 128 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8962 Ushbu maqolada universitetlarda o‘qitiladigan solfedjio darslari jarayonida maqom ijrochiligi orqali pedagogik kompetensiyani rivojlantirishning zamonaviy va innovatsion usullari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda milliy musiqa merosi bo‘lgan maqom san’atini ta’lim jarayoniga integratsiya qilish orqali bo‘lajak musiqa o‘qituvchilarining kasbiy va ijodiy salohiyatini oshirish imkoniyatlari yoritilgan. Solfedjio mashg‘ulotlarida maqom namunalaridan foydalanish talabalarning musiqiy eshitish qobiliyati, ritmik tafakkuri, intonatsion aniqligi va ijrochilik mahoratini rivojlantirishga xizmat qilishi ko‘rsatiladi. Shuningdek, innovatsion pedagogik texnologiyalar, interfaol metodlar va raqamli resurslardan foydalanish samaradorligi asoslanadi. Tadqiqot natijalari musiqa ta’limi jarayonini takomillashtirish, o‘quv dasturlarini modernizatsiya qilish va pedagogik kompetensiyani rivojlantirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Ushbu yondashuv milliy musiqa madaniyatini asrash va uni zamonaviy ta’lim tizimi bilan uyg‘unlashtirishga xizmat qiladi. Firuza Muminovna Nurmatova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 129 134 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8963 Mazkur annotatsiyada maqom ijrochiligini o‘qitishda zamonaviy nazariy va amaliy yondashuvlar, xususan solfedjio mashg‘ulotlari misolida ko‘rib chiqiladi. Bugungi kunda musiqa ta’limida an’anaviy usullar bilan bir qatorda innovatsion pedagogik texnologiyalar, raqamli resurslar va interaktiv metodlardan foydalanish muhim ahamiyat kasb etmoqda. Tadqiqotda maqomlarning lad tizimi, ritmik tuzilishi va intonatsion xususiyatlarini o‘zlashtirishda solfedjio mashg‘ulotlarining o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, o‘quvchilarda eshitish madaniyatini rivojlantirish, musiqiy xotirani mustahkamlash va ijrochilik mahoratini oshirishga qaratilgan samarali usullar yoritiladi. Shu bilan birga, tadqiqotda o‘quv jarayonining samaradorligini baholash mezonlari va amaliy tajriba natijalari ham tahlil etiladi, bu esa mavzuning ilmiy-amaliy ahamiyatini yanada oshiradi hamda zamonaviy pedagogik yondashuvlarni takomillashtirish bo‘yicha takliflar ishlab chiqiladi etiladi. Firuza Muminovna Nurmatova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 135 141 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8964 Mazkur maqolada art pedagogikaning zamonaviy ta’lim tizimidagi o‘rni, pedagogik jarayondagi ahamiyati va bo‘lajak pedagoglar tayyorlashdagi funksional imkoniyatlari ilmiy-tahliliy yondashuv asosida yoritilgan. Tadqiqot jarayonida art pedagogika tushunchasining mazmun-mohiyati, uning nazariy-metodik asoslari hamda ta’lim jarayonida shaxs rivojiga ta’sir etuvchi jihatlari tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, maktab va oliy ta’lim muassasalari tajribasida art pedagogik yondashuvlardan foydalanishning amaliy mexanizmlari ochib berilgan. Maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasida ta’lim tizimini modernizatsiya qilishga qaratilgan Prezident farmon va qarorlari asosida art pedagogikaning dolzarbligi asoslab berilgan hamda mualliflik xulosalari va amaliy tavsiyalar ilgari surilgan. Xonzoda Toxirjon-qizi Raximova Azima Kamolova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 142 146 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8965 Mazkur maqolada 1930-yillarning boshlarida O‘zbekiston SSRda sovet hokimiyati tomonidan boshlang‘ich ta’lim tizimining iqtisodiy-mafkuraviy maqsadlarga bo‘ysundirilishi jarayoni tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot ob’yekti sifatida 1931-yilda e’lon qilingan “O‘zbekistonning kolxoz-qishloq boshlang‘ich maktablarining birinchi o‘quv yili programmalari” va P. Serbovning metodik ko‘rsatmalari olingan. Maqolada maktab o‘quvchilarining bolalar mehnati orqali paxta yakkahokimligi siyosatiga safarbar etilishi va ta’limning siyosiylashuvi masalalari manbashunoslik nuqtai nazaridan yoritilgan. Yaminxon Muxammedovich Askarxodjayev Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 147 150 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8966 This article offers a source-critical (manbashunoslik) and historiographical reading of two pedagogical essays published in the third issue (1925) of the Tashkent journal Maorif va oʻqitgʻuchi: a serialised treatise on the aims of education, “Tarbiya gʻoyalari” (“The Aims of Education,” pp. 34-40), and an essay on children’s literature, “Bolalar adabiyoti toʻgʻrisida bir fikr” (“A Thought on Children’s Literature,” pp. 30-33), signed “Olim.” Both texts are written in the reformed Arabic-based Uzbek orthography of the mid-1920s and have not previously been subjected to a dedicated source-critical reading. Combining external and internal source criticism, paleographic observation, lexical analysis of loanwords, and the historical-comparative method, the study reconstructs the texts as material artifacts and traces their intellectual lineages. It argues that the two essays jointly document a decisive moment of transition in Uzbek pedagogical thought at the threshold of the Uzbek SSR. The essay on children’s literature fuses a Jadid concern with moral-aesthetic formation (tarbiya, axloq, zavq) with European and Russian child-developmental psychology and progressive-education aesthetics; the treatise on educational aims grafts the Aristotelian premise that “man is a social animal,” the European tradition of social pedagogy (Sozialpädagogik in the lineage of P. Natorp), and an exact knowledge of classical and medieval educational history (Quintilian’s Institutio Oratoria, the seven liberal arts, the seven knightly accomplishments) onto an emergent Marxist periodisation of social formations. The dense stratum of Russian loanwords (xarakter, egoist, krepostnoy, vassal, ritsar, grajdan) is identified as a philological fingerprint of Russian-mediated transmission, while the essays’ quiet equation of the European “monastery” with the Islamic masjid-madrasa is read as a marker of the convergence of Jadid reformism and Soviet anti-clericalism. The findings establish these texts as significant primary sources for the history of Uzbek pedagogy, of children’s literature, and of the intellectual life of the early Soviet period. Yaminxon Muxammedovich Askarxodjayev Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 151 164 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8967 Ushbu tezisda o‘smir yoshdagi shaxslarda huquqiy savodxonlik va huquqiy ongni shakllantirishga ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi asosiy psixologik determinantlar tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida o‘smirlik davriga xos bo‘lgan kognitiv rivojlanish, emotsional holatlar va ijtimoiy muhitning huquqiy bilimlarni o‘zlashtirishdagi o‘rni yoritilgan. Shuningdek, huquqiy madaniyatni yuksaltirishda shaxsiy motivatsiya va ijtimoiy adaptatsiyaning ahamiyati psixologik nuqtai nazardan asoslab berilgan. Azamatxon Nadirxonovich Atashxanov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 165 168 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8968 Mazkur maqolada tarbiyasi og‘ir o‘quvchilarning hissiy sohalari rivojlanganlik darajasini diagnostika qilishning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari yoritilgan. O‘quvchilarning emotsional holati, hissiy barqarorligi, o‘z his-tuyg‘ularini boshqarish qobiliyati hamda atrofdagilar bilan emotsional munosabatlarini aniqlashga qaratilgan diagnostik metodlar tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, hissiy rivojlanish darajasini baholash mezonlari va psixologik diagnostika usullarining samaradorligi ko‘rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari tarbiyasi og‘ir o‘quvchilar bilan olib boriladigan korreksion va profilaktik ishlarni takomillashtirishga, ularning ijtimoiy moslashuvi hamda shaxsiy rivojlanishini qo‘llab-quvvatlashga xizmat qiladi. Muhayyo Toʻlqinjon-qizi Bozorova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 169 175 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8969 This article explores the role of memory in cognitive processes as one of the key components of human mental activity. Memory is considered a fundamental cognitive function that ensures the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information. The study analyzes theoretical approaches to memory, its types, mechanisms, and its relationship with other cognitive processes such as attention, thinking, and perception. Special attention is given to the psychological and pedagogical significance of memory in learning processes. The article also discusses strategies for improving memory efficiency in educational contexts. The findings indicate that memory plays a crucial role in cognitive development and directly influences learning performance and intellectual growth. Davlatbek Solohiddin-o‘g‘li Ahmedov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 176 180 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8970 Ushbu maqolada ekologik madaniyatning shakillanishi,ekologik ta’lim va tarbiyaning zarurligi xususida nazariy malumotlar yoritib berilgan. Gulhayo Salimjon-qizi Abduvaliyeva Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 181 183 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8971 Jurayeva Diyora UsmonaliyevnaSamarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages Madla Muhammedali Beknazarova Iroda Yormamatovna Jurayeva Diyora Usmonaliyevna Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 184 188 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8972 Mazkur maqolada pedagogik korreksiya tushunchasi, uning mazmun-mohiyati hamda ta’lim jarayonidagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Shuningdek, pedagogik korreksiyaning asosiy yo‘nalishlari, uni tashkil etish bosqichlari va samarali usullari haqida fikr yuritilgan. O‘quvchilarning individual xususiyatlarini hisobga olgan holda olib boriladigan korreksion faoliyatning ta’lim sifati va tarbiyaviy jarayonga ta’siri tahlil qilingan. Maqolada pedagogik korreksiyani amalga oshirishda pedagogning kasbiy mahorati va zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalarning o‘rni ham ko‘rsatib berilgan. Shohsanam Muzaffar-qizi Mahmudjonova A.O.Kamolova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 189 195 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8973 Mazkur maqolada maktab o‘quvchilarida kuzatiladigan tashvish (anxiety) va stress holatlarining psixologik tabiati, ularning yuzaga kelish sabablari, yosh xususiyatlariga bog‘liq ko‘rinishlari va maktab psixologlari tomonidan qo‘llaniladigan diagnostik va korreksion-rivojlantiruvchi yondashuvlar tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqotning maqsadi - o‘rta maktab yoshidagi o‘quvchilarda akademik, ijtimoiy va oilaviy omillar ta’sirida shakllanadigan tashvish darajasini empirik aniqlash va uni pasaytirishga yo‘naltirilgan amaliy dastur samaradorligini baholashdan iborat. Tadqiqotda 12-15 yoshdagi 184 nafar o‘quvchi (96 nafar qiz, 88 nafar o‘g‘il bola) ishtirok etgan. Diagnostika vositasi sifatida Spielberger-Xanin tashvish shkalasining moslashtirilgan varianti, bolalar uchun stress belgilarini baholash so‘rovnomasi va kuzatuv kartalaridan foydalanilgan. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, o‘quvchilarning 34,2 foizida o‘rtacha, 18,5 foizida yuqori darajadagi situatsion tashvish aniqlangan, bunda asosiy stress manbalari sifatida baholash tizimi (imtihonlar), tengdoshlar bilan munosabatlar va ota-onalarning yuqori talablari ko‘rsatilgan. Sakkiz haftalik kognitiv-xulqiy yo‘nalishdagi guruh mashg‘ulotlaridan so‘ng eksperimental guruhda tashvish darajasining statistik ahamiyatli pasayishi qayd etilgan. Maqola yakunida maktab psixologlari uchun amaliy tavsiyalar, erta diagnostika algoritmi va profilaktika dasturining tarkibiy elementlari taqdim etilgan. Oydin Rashid-qizi Ashirova Muhayyo Maxmudovna Nazarova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 196 203 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8974 Mazkur maqolada yangi O‘zbekistonda umumta’lim maktablarida musiqa ta’limi tizimining holati va milliy cholg‘u asboblari - qashqar rubobi va dutorni o‘quv jarayoniga joriy etishning pedagogik asoslari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot muammosi: PQ-112-son qaror (2022) talablarini amalda bajarish uchun qaysi pedagogik model samarali? Metodologiya: 77-umumta’lim maktabida tashkil etilgan «Iqtidor» milliy cholg‘u ansambli (5 o‘quvchi) tajribasida pedagogik kuzatuv, so‘rovnoma va qiyosiy tahlil qo‘llanildi. Natijalar: o‘quvchilarning 94% musiqa darsiga qiziqishi oshdi, 89% o‘z-o‘ziga ishonchi kuchaydi, 96% jamoaviy ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirdi. Ilmiy tomondan: umumta’lim maktabida milliy cholg‘u ansamblini tashkil etishning 2 bosqichli pedagogik modeli birinchi marta taklif etiladi. Farida Ural-qizi Uralova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 204 210 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8975 Mazkur maqolada mobil ilovalarning ta’lim jarayonida oʻquvchilar kompetensiyasini shakllantirishdagi pedagogik imkoniyatlari tahlil qilingan. Mobil ilovalarning ta’lim muhitiga integratsiyalashuvi natijasida oʻquvchilarning axborot bilan ishlash, mustaqil ta’lim olish, tanqidiy va kreativ fikrlash, kommunikativ hamda raqamli kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirish imkoniyatlari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, geografiya ta’limida mobil ilovalardan foydalanishning afzalliklari, ularning interaktiv va multimediaviy xususiyatlari hamda geografik kompetensiyalarni shakllantirishdagi ahamiyati ochib berilgan. Kalit soʻzlar: mobil ilovalar, ta’lim jarayoni, kompetensiya, raqamli kompetensiya, geografiya ta’limi, interaktiv ta’lim, mobil texnologiyalar, geografik axborot tizimlari, mustaqil ta’lim, innovatsion pedagogika B.Sh.Soxibov I.Sh.Lutfullayev S.R.Joʻraboyeva Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 211 217 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8976 Ushbu ishda din va axloqning jamiyat taraqqiyotidagi o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. Din - insonning e’tiqodi, ma’naviyati va hayotiy qadriyatlarini elgilovchi tizim sifatida ta’riflanib, u axloqiy normalarning shakllanishida asosiy manba ekanligi ko‘rsatib beriladi. Axloq esa inson xulq-atvorini tartibga soluvchi qoidalar majmui sifatida talqin etiladi. Kalit soʻzlar: din, globallashuv, korrupsiya, sotsiologiya, axloqiy buzilish, jamiyatni sogʻlomlashtirish, iqtisodiy, axloqiy meʼyorlar Lazokat Mirzakarimova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 218 221 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8977 Mazkur maqolada ichki ishlar organlari xodimlari faoliyatida uchraydigan stress holatlari, ularning kelib chiqish sabablari, psixologik va fiziologik xususiyatlari hamda stressni aniqlash va boshqarish usullari tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, xodimlarda kasbiy charchash sindromining shakllanishi, uning xizmat samaradorligiga ta’siri hamda stressning salbiy oqibatlarini kamaytirishga qaratilgan profilaktik choralar yoritilgan. Nurmatjon Olimjon-o‘g‘li Turdialiyev Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 222 228 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8978 The article examines the problem of improving the functional state and motor activity of university students by means of active and sports games. The aim of the study was to substantiate and experimentally verify the effectiveness of using active and sports games in physical education classes for improving the functional fitness and increasing the daily motor activity of first-year students. The pedagogical experiment lasted one academic semester (16 weeks, two 80-minute sessions per week) and involved 60 first-year male students of Almalyk State Technical Institute, divided into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). The functional state was assessed by resting heart rate, the Ruffier index, the Harvard step test index, vital lung capacity and the Stange breath-holding test; daily motor activity was measured by pedometry (average number of steps per day). The data were processed using Student’s t-test. By the end of the experiment, the experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all six indicators, considerably exceeding the changes in the control group, which were statistically insignificant. The results confirm that the systematic use of active and sports games is an effective pedagogical means of improving the functional state and motor activity of university students. Gulxayo Karshiboeva Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 229 234 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8979 The article addresses the problem of developing the basic physical qualities of university students under conditions of declining motor activity. The aim of the study was to substantiate and experimentally verify the effectiveness of a differentiated circuit training program for developing the physical qualities of first-year students. The pedagogical experiment lasted one academic semester (16 weeks, two 80-minute sessions per week) and involved 60 first-year male students of Almalyk State Technical Institute, divided into an experimental group (n=30) and a control group (n=30). Physical fitness was assessed using a battery of six motor tests evaluating speed, speed-strength qualities, strength, endurance, flexibility and coordination. The results were processed using Student’s t-test. By the end of the experiment, the experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all six indicators, considerably exceeding the gains of the control group, in which the changes were statistically insignificant. The findings confirm that a differentiated circuit training program is an effective pedagogical means of developing the physical qualities of university students and can be recommended for inclusion in the physical education curriculum of higher educational institutions. Gulxayo Karshiboeva Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 235 240 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8980 Mazkur maqolada zamonaviy matn muharrirlari va matn protsessorlarining maktabgacha ta’lim tizimida qo‘llanilish imkoniyatlari, ularning pedagogik ahamiyati hamda samaradorligi keng yoritilgan. Xususan, raqamli texnologiyalar asosida ishlovchi dasturiy vositalar orqali bolalarning savodxonlik darajasini oshirish, nutq rivojini qo‘llab-quvvatlash, ijodiy fikrlashni shakllantirish va mustaqil ishlash ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirish masalalari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, maqolada matn muharrirlarining (masalan, matn yozish, tahrirlash, saqlash, vizual bezash imkoniyatlari) pedagogik jarayonga integratsiyasi orqali ta’lim samaradorligini oshirish yo‘llari haqida so’z boradi. Akbar Shuhratovich Kodirov Sabrina Ixtiyor-qizi Roʻziboyeva Nilufar Oʻtkir-qizi Jahongirova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 241 247 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8981 Ushbu ilmiy maqolada ta’lim tizimida sun’iy intellekt (AI) asosidagi baholash tizimlarining afzalliklari va xavflari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda avtomatlashtirilgan baholash texnologiyalarining o‘quvchilar bilimini baholashdagi samaradorligi, obyektivlikni ta’minlash imkoniyati hamda o‘qituvchilar ish yuklamasini kamaytirishdagi roli yoritilgan. Shuningdek, AI tizimlarining algoritmik adolatsizlik, ma’lumotlar xavfsizligi va pedagogik jarayonga ta’siri kabi muhim xavflari ham ko‘rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot adabiyotlar tahlili asosida olib borilgan bo‘lib, xalqaro ilmiy manbalar va zamonaviy jurnallarga tayanadi. Natijalar AI asosidagi baholash tizimlari ta’lim sifatini oshirishga xizmat qilishi bilan birga, ularni ehtiyotkorlik bilan joriy etish zarurligini ko‘rsatadi. Surayyo Abdulxalilova Nodira Aliyeva Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 248 252 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8982 Ushbu birlashtirilgan tadqiqot sun’iy intellekt (SI) vositalarining oliy ta’lim jarayoniga integratsiyasini ikki yo‘nalishda - umumiy imkoniyat va cheklovlar hamda og‘zaki imtihonlarni avtomatlashtirishni - o‘rganadi. Shaxsiylashtirilgan ta’lim, adaptiv baholash, intellektual o‘qituvchi tizimlar kabi yechimlar ta’lim samaradorligini oshirish imkonini bersa-da, algoritmik noxolislik, raqamli tengsizlik va akademik halollik kabi muammolar ehtiyotkorlikni talab etadi. Maqolada, shuningdek, OTMlarda og‘zaki imtihonlarni avtomatlashtiruvchi AcadSpeech tizimining konsepsiyasi va ishlash tamoyillari taqdim etiladi. Akmaljon Zohidjon-o‘g‘li Yoqubjonov Faxriddin Davron-o‘g‘li Xaltursinov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 253 257 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8983 Mazkur maqolada geografiya darslarida o‘quvchilar hamkorligini rivojlantirishda interfaol metodlardan foydalanishning pedagogik va didaktik imkoniyatlari tahlil qilingan. Xususan, kichik guruhlarda ishlash va debat metodlarining o‘quvchilarda kommunikativ, ijtimoiy, tanqidiy va analitik fikrlash kompetensiyalarini shakllantirishdagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Ushbu metodlarning geografik bilimlarni chuqur o‘zlashtirish, jamoaviy faoliyatni tashkil etish, muammoli vaziyatlarni tahlil qilish hamda o‘quvchilarni mustaqil fikrlashga yo‘naltirishdagi o‘rni ilmiy-pedagogik jihatdan asoslangan. S.R.Jo‘raboyeva B.Sh.Soxibov D.D.Juraxujayev Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 258 262 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8984 Ushbu ilmiy maqolada Toshkent shahrining islom madaniyati va sivilizatsiyasi tarixidagi tutgan orni keng yoritilgan. Shosh vohasidan boshlangan shahar tarixi, arab fathi va islomning tarqalishi, VIII-XII asrlardagi ilmiy-marifiy yuksalish, mashhur allomalar faoliyati, shuningdek, 2007-yilda ISESCO tomonidan Osiyo mintaqasining Islom madaniyati poytaxti maqomiga sazovor bolishi ilmiy-tarixiy manbalar asosida tahlil etilgan. Kalit sozlar: Toshkent, Shosh, islom madaniyati, Hazrati Imom majmuasi, Qaffol Shoshiy, Usmon Mushafi, ziyorat turizmi, ISESCO, madaniy meros Yorqinoy Sindarova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 263 266 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8985 Mazkur ilmiy maqolada o‘smirlar rivojlanishidagi akseleratsiya jarayoniga ijtimoiy medianing ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida zamonaviy raqamli platformalarning o‘smirlarning psixologik, ijtimoiy va fiziologik rivojlanishiga ko‘rsatadigan ta’siri ilmiy manbalar asosida o‘rganildi. Ijtimoiy tarmoqlarning tezkor axborot almashinuvi, kommunikativ faollik va virtual muhit orqali o‘smirlarning dunyoqarashi, qadriyatlari hamda xulq-atvorida yuz berayotgan o‘zgarishlar yoritildi. Shuningdek, maqolada ijtimoiy medianing ijobiy va salbiy jihatlari, jumladan, bilim olish imkoniyatlarini kengaytirishi bilan bir qatorda, ruhiy bosim, qaramlik va shaxsiy identifikatsiya muammolarini kuchaytirishi haqida fikr yuritiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari asosida ota-onalar, pedagoglar va psixologlar uchun amaliy tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan. Dilmurod Rahmatjonovich Mahmudov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 267 274 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8986 В статье рассматривается роль проектной и исследовательской деятельности в обучении детей, которые проходят длительное лечение в больницах. Показано, что эти формы работы помогают детям не терять интерес к учёбе и при этом дают им возможность общаться и выстраивать отношения с окружающими - несмотря на замкнутость больничной среды. Описаны педагогические приёмы, позволяющие подстраивать проекты под состояние здоровья конкретного ребёнка, приведены примеры из практики. Автор приходит к выводу, что эти методы работают хорошо и заслуживают более широкого применения в госпитальной и инклюзивной педагогике. Рухшона Музаффар-кизи Эркинова Р.А.Рафикова Copyright (c) 2026 Science and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-25 2026-06-25 7 6 275 280 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8987 Ushbu maqolada blockchain texnologiyasining zamonaviy audit jarayoniga ko‘rsatayotgan taʼsiri ko‘rib chiqilgan. Texnologiyaning asosiy xususiyatlari, auditorlik amaliyotida qo‘llanilish imkoniyatlari va O‘zbekiston sharoitida joriy etish istiqbollari tahlil qilingan. Tezisda blockchain asosidagi uzluksiz audit (continuous audit) modelining anʼnaviy davriy auditdan ustunliklari ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Mirkomil O’rolovich Abdulaxatov Davron Rustamovich Rustamov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 281 282 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8988 Ushbu maqolada Xalqaro Moliyaviy Hisobot Standartlari (IFRS) ga o‘tishning O‘zbekiston korxonalari faoliyatiga ko‘rsatayotgan taʼsiri tahlil qilingan. Standartlarga o‘tish jarayonidagi muammolar, xarajatlar, inson resurslari va raqobatbardoshlik ko‘rsatkichlariga taʼsiri ko‘rib chiqilgan. Milliy buxgalteriya hisobi tizimidan IFRS ga bosqichma-bosqich o‘tish strategiyasi tavsiya etilgan. Mirkomil O‘rolovich Abdulaxatov Davron Rustamovich Rustamov Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 283 284 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8989 Ushbu maqolada ingliz va oʻzbek tillarida holat ifodalovchi sifatlarning amaliy roli qiyosiy-lingvistik yondashuv asosida yoritiladi. Tadqiqotning maqsadi holat sifatlarining semantik doirasi, sintaktik taqsimoti va pragmatik funksiyalarini aniqlash hamda tarjima va ta’lim tahlilida qoʻllash imkoniyatlarini asoslashdan iborat. Metodologiya sifatida tavsifiy tahlil, komponent-semantik ajratish, korpusga tayangan kuzatuv va kontekstual-pragmatik interpretatsiya uygʻunlashtirildi. Ma’lumotlar bazasi sifatida badiiy hamda publitsistik matnlardan tanlangan parallel misollar va o‘quv-jarayon nutqidan olingan namuna gaplar ishlatildi. Ilmiy yangilik holat sifatlarini statik belgi emas, balki dinamik holatning lingvistik indikatorlari sifatida ikki tilda bir xil nomlanadigan, ammo turlicha grammatik kodlanadigan birliklar sifatida modellashtirishdir. Natijalar holat sifatlari intensifikatsiya, subyektiv baholash va diskursni boshqarish vositasi bo‘lishini ko‘rsatadi. Kalit soʻzlar: holat sifatlari, semantika, qiyosiy tahlil, pragmatika, tarjima, intensifikatsiya, sintaktik kopula Mexriniso Obid-qizi Rizaqulova N.N.Sharipova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 285 289 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8990 This study examines the functional characteristics of indirect naming (indirect nomination), a complex linguistic and stylistic device widely employed in various forms of discourse. In contrast to direct naming, which identifies objects and phenomena through explicit lexical units, indirect naming conveys reference through descriptive, figurative, and associative expressions such as periphrasis, metaphor, metonymy, euphemism, and allusion. The analysis reveals five major functions of indirect naming: the expressive-evaluative function, which conveys emotions and subjective attitudes; the aesthetic-stylistic function, which enhances imagery and artistic effect; the cognitive-informative function, which facilitates conceptualization and interpretation; the pragmatic-communicative function, which supports politeness and addresses sociocultural sensitivities; and the textual-structural function, which contributes to coherence and cohesion within discourse. Drawing on examples from literary, journalistic, and political texts, the article demonstrates that indirect naming serves as a powerful means of meaning-making, enabling speakers and writers to represent reality in nuanced, creative, and contextually meaningful ways. Darya Belozerova Karaganda Buketov University Iroda Yormamatovna Beknazarova Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 290 301 https://openscience.uz/index.php/sciedu/article/view/8991 Ushbu maqolada tilshunoslik fanining vujudga kelishi, uning o‘rganish obyekti hamda tilning kelib chiqishi haqidagi nazariyalar tahlil qilinadi. Til va tafakkur, til va jamiyat o‘rtasidagi uzviy bog‘liqlik yoritilib, tilning ijtimoiy hodisa sifatidagi mohiyati asoslab beriladi. Shuningdek, tilning rivojlanishiga ta’sir etuvchi omillar, zamonaviy tilshunoslikning asosiy yo‘nalishlari hamda globallashuv davrida tilning ahamiyati haqida fikr yuritiladi. Iroda Yormamatovna Beknazarova Zarina Fozil-qizi Sayfullayeva Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2026-06-24 2026-06-24 7 6 302 309