A review of the effect of resistance training with high and moderate intensities on the blood levels of cortisol and testosterone hormones in the muscle strength of people
Keywords:
resistance training, intensity, hormones, testosterone, cortisol, muscle strengthAbstract
With increasing age, the body composition has changes that can include negative effects. Resistance training is one of the ways to reduce muscle mass and increase muscle diameter, which is considered to reduce muscle wasting (sarcopenia) in middle age and adulthood. With increasing muscle mass, anabolic (Manufacturer) hormones increase and catabolic (decomposer) hormones decrease. Testosterone is considered one of the anabolic hormones, which decreases in the serum after muscle loss, but instead of cortisol, which is a catabolic hormone, it shows the reverse of this process due to the increase in life. Resistance training shows a greater increase in increasing testosterone compared to old age. This research, which has been conducted as a review, has tried to investigate and evaluate the research in the last 10 years in resistance training with high and moderate intensity in the reduction and increase of testosterone and cortisol hormones. The results of this research show that moderate and high intensity resistance training in middle-aged and elderly people increases testosterone and decreases cortisol. But due to the fact that resistance training with high intensity leads to injury, this exercise is recommended for elderly people with moderate intensity at least once a week. However, high-intensity training two sessions a week is recommended for middle-aged people.
References
AGHAALINEJAD, H., M. A. KOHANPOUR, S. Sanavi, S. Sojudi, G. R. BEHROUZI and M. Mirsepasi (2013). "Effects of resistance training on serum cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone levels in trained young women."
Allsopp, G. L. (2021). Physiological Responses of Older Adults to Resistance Exercise in Hypoxia, Deakin University.
Ambroży, T., Ł. Rydzik, Z. Obmiński, W. Błach, N. Serafin, B. Błach, J. Jaszczur-Nowicki and M. Ozimek (2021). "The effect of high-intensity interval training periods on morning serum testosterone and cortisol levels and physical fitness in men aged 35–40 years." Journal of clinical medicine 10(10): 2143.
Becker, L., L. Semmlinger and N. Rohleder (2021). "Resistance training as an acute stressor in healthy young men: associations with heart rate variability, alpha-amylase, and cortisol levels." Stress 24(3): 318-330.
Behpoor, N. (2022). "Changes in Some Fitness Factors, Testosterone, and Cortisol Following Combined Exercise with and Without Blood Flow Restriction in Older Men." Yafteh 24(1): 58-74.
Bell, G., D. Syrotuik, T. Socha, I. Maclean and H. A. Quinney (1997). "Effect of Strength Training and Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Strength, Testosterone, and Cortisol." The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 11(1): 57-64.
Buch, A., O. Kis, E. Carmeli, L. Keinan-Boker, Y. Berner, Y. Barer, G. Shefer, Y. Marcus and N. Stern (2017). "Circuit resistance training is an effective means to enhance muscle strength in older and middle aged adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Ageing research reviews 37: 16-27.
Fry, A. and C. Lohnes (2010). "Acute testosterone and cortisol responses to high power resistance exercise." Human physiology 36: 457-461.
Gharahdaghi, N., B. E. Phillips, N. J. Szewczyk, K. Smith, D. J. Wilkinson and P. J. Atherton (2021). "Links between testosterone, oestrogen, and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis and resistance exercise muscle adaptations." Frontiers in physiology 11: 621226.
Gonzalez, A. M., J. R. Hoffman, J. R. Stout, D. H. Fukuda and D. S. Willoughby (2016). "Intramuscular anabolic signaling and endocrine response following resistance exercise: implications for muscle hypertrophy." Sports medicine 46: 671-685.
Hooshmandi, Z., F. Daryanoosh, A. H. Ahmadi hekmatikar and D. M. Awang Daud (2024). "Highlighting the effect of reduced training volume on maintaining hormonal adaptations obtained from periodized resistance training in sarcopenic older women." Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism 19(2): 187-197.
Kraemer, W. J. and N. A. Ratamess (2005). "Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training." Sports medicine 35: 339-361.
Kraemer, W. J., N. A. Ratamess and B. C. Nindl (2017). "Recovery responses of testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1 after resistance exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 122(3): 549-558.
Krzysztofik, M., M. Wilk, G. Wojdała and A. Gołaś (2019). "Maximizing muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review of advanced resistance training techniques and methods." International journal of environmental research and public health 16(24): 4897.
Mohamadi, S., A. Khoshdel, F. Naserkhani and R. Mehdizadeh (2015). "The effect of low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction on serum cortisol and testosterone levels in young men." Journal of Archives in Military Medicine 3(3).
Nascimento, M. A. D., A. M. Gerage, D. R. P. D. Silva, A. S. Ribeiro, D. G. D. S. Machado, F. L. C. Pina, C. M. Tomeleri, D. Venturini, D. S. Barbosa and J. L. Mayhew (2019). "Effect of resistance training with different frequencies and subsequent detraining on muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, IGF-1, and testosterone in older women." European Journal of Sport Science 19(2): 199-207.
Raastad, T., T. Bjøro and J. Hallen (2000). "Hormonal responses to high-and moderate-intensity strength exercise." European journal of applied physiology 82: 121-128.
Rietjens, R., T. M. Stone, J. Montes, J. C. Young, R. D. Tandy, J. C. Utz and J. W. Navalta (2015). "Moderate intensity resistance training significantly elevates testosterone following upper body and lower body bouts when total volume is held constant." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 3(4): 50-55.
Rosa, C., J. Vilaça-Alves, H. M. Fernandes, F. J. Saavedra, R. S. Pinto and V. M. dos Reis (2015). "Order effects of combined strength and endurance training on testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, and IGF-1 binding protein 3 in concurrently trained men." The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 29(1): 74-79.
Sholi, G. A., M. Ghanbarzadeh, A. Habibi and R. Ranjbar (2016). "The effects of combined exercises intensity (aerobics-resistance) on plasma cortisol and testosterone levels in active males." International journal of basic science in medicine 1(1): 18-24.
Smilios, I., T. Pilianidis, M. Karamouzis, A. Parlavantzas and S. Tokmakidis (2007). "Hormonal responses after a strength endurance resistance exercise protocol in young and elderly males." International journal of sports medicine 28(05): 401-406.
Taha, M. M. and K. M. Mounir (2019). "Acute response of serum cortisol to different intensities of resisted exercise in the elderly." Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy 24: 20-25.
Torres, R., P. Koutakis and J. Forsse (2021). "The Effects of Different Exercise Intensities and Modalities on Cortisol Production in Healthy Individuals: A Review." Journal of Exercise and Nutrition 4(4).
Tsai, C.-L., C.-H. Wang, C.-Y. Pan, F.-C. Chen, T.-H. Huang and F.-Y. Chou (2014). "Executive function and endocrinological responses to acute resistance exercise." Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience 8: 262.
Vingren, J. L., W. J. Kraemer, N. A. Ratamess, J. M. Anderson, J. S. Volek and C. M. Maresh (2010). "Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training: the up-stream regulatory elements." Sports medicine 40: 1037-1053.
Zamani, M., M. Peeri, M.-A. Azarbayjani and H. Matinhomaee (2016). "Effects of Resistance Training on Adiponectin, Testosterone and Cortisol Levels in Untrained Men." Medical Laboratory Journal 10(4).
Zare, R., S. Attarzade Hosseini and M. Fathi (2016). "Effect of Eight Weeks of Resistance Exercise on Adaptive Responses of Cortisol and Androgens in Postmenopausal Women." SSU_Journals 24(2): 106-118.
Tavasli, Hassan, Tawfighi, H. Panah. and Hedayati (2014). "Appetite and exercise; the effect of 12 weeks of circuit resistance training on the ratio of nesfatin-1 level to acylated ghrelin in overweight adolescents." Iranian Journal of Endocrine and Metabolism, bimonthly research journal of Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, 15(6): 519-526.
